Q1. What is the difference between Java & JavaScript?

Java	JavaScript
Java is an OOP programming language.	JavaScript is an OOP scripting language.
It creates applications that run in a virtual machine or browser.	The code is run on a browser only.
Java code needs to be compiled.	JavaScript code are all in the form of text.

Q2. What is JavaScript ?

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language with object-oriented capabilities that allows you to build interactivity into otherwise static HTML pages. The general-purpose core of the language has been embedded in Netscape, Internet Explorer, and other web browsers.

Q3. What are the data types supported by JavaScript?

The data types supported by JavaScript are:

• Undefined
• Null
• Boolean
• String
• Symbol
• Number
• Object

Javascript – var
The var keyword is used in all JavaScript code from 1995 to 2015.
The let and const keywords were added to JavaScript in 2015.
If you want your code to run in older browsers, you must use var.

Javascript – let
The let keyword was introduced in ES6 (2015).
Variables defined with let cannot be Redeclared.
Variables defined with let must be Declared before use.
Variables defined with let have Block Scope.

Javascript – const
The const keyword was introduced in ES6 (2015).
Variables defined with const cannot be Redeclared.
Variables defined with const cannot be Reassigned.
Variables defined with const have Block Scope.

Q4. What are the features of JavaScript?

Following are the features of JavaScript:
It is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.
It is designed for creating network-centric applications.
It is complementary to and integrated with Java.
It is an open and cross-platform scripting language.

V.V.I=>What is negative infinity?

Negative Infinity is a number in JavaScript which can be derived by dividing negative number by zero.

Q5. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language?

Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language.  The language keywords, variables, function names, and any other identifiers must always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

Q6. What are the advantages of JavaScript?

Following are the advantages of using JavaScript −

• Less server interaction − You can validate user input before sending the page off to the server. This saves server traffic, which means less load on your server.
• Immediate feedback to the visitors − They don’t have to wait for a page reload to see if they have forgotten to enter something.
• Increased interactivity − You can create interfaces that react when the user hovers over them with a mouse or activates them via the keyboard.
• Richer interfaces − You can use JavaScript to include such items as drag-and-drop components and sliders to give a Rich Interface to your site visitors.

What do mean by NULL in Javascript?

The NULL value is used to represent no value or no object. It implies no object or null string, no valid boolean value, no number and no array object.

Q7. How can you create an object in JavaScript?

JavaScript supports Object concept very well. You can create an object using the object literal as follows −

var emp = {
name: "Daniel",
age: 23
};

Q8. How can you create an Array in JavaScript?

You can define arrays using the array literal as follows-

var x = [];
var y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

Q9. What is a name function in JavaScript & how to define it?

A one function declares a name as soon as it is defined. It can be defined using function using 3 ways :

function one(){
  // statement
}

var one = function(){
   // statement
}

var one = () =>{
   // statement
}

Q10. Can you assign an anonymous function to a variable and pass it as an argument to another function?

Yes! An anonymous function can be assigned to a variable. It can also be passed as an argument to another function.

In case you are facing any challenges with these JavaScript Interview Questions, please comment on your problems in the section below.

Q11. What is argument objects in JavaScript & how to get the type of arguments passed to a function?

JavaScript variable arguments represents the arguments that are passed to a function. Using typeof operator, we can get the type of arguments passed to a function. For example −

function func(x){
console.log(typeof x, arguments.length);
}
func(); //==> "undefined", 0
func(7); //==> "number", 1
func("1", "2", "3"); //==> "string", 3

Q12. What are the scopes of a variable in JavaScript?

The scope of a variable is the region of your program in which it is defined. JavaScript variable will have only two scopes.
• Global Variables − A global variable has global scope which means it is visible everywhere in your JavaScript code.
• Local Variables − A local variable will be visible only within a function where it is defined. Function parameters are always local to that function.

Q13. What is the purpose of ‘This’ operator in JavaScript?

The JavaScript this keyword refers to the object it belongs to. This has different values depending on where it is used. In a method, this refers to the owner object and in a function, this refers to the global object.

Q14. What is Callback?

A callback is a plain JavaScript function passed to some method as an argument or option. It is a function that is to be executed after another function has finished executing, hence the name ‘call back‘. In JavaScript, functions are objects. Because of this, functions can take functions as arguments, and can be returned by other functions.

Q15. What is Closure? Give an example.

Closures are created whenever a variable that is defined outside the current scope is accessed from within some inner scope. It gives you access to an outer function’s scope from an inner function. In JavaScript, closures are created every time a function is created. To use a closure, simply define a function inside another function and expose it.

Q16. Name some of the built-in methods and the values returned by them.

Built-in Method	Values
CharAt()	It returns the character at the specified index.
Concat()	It joins two or more strings.
forEach()	It calls a function for each element in the array.
indexOf()	It returns the index within the calling String object of the first occurrence of the specified value.
length()	It returns the length of the string.
pop()	It removes the last element from an array and returns that element.
push()	It adds one or more elements to the end of an array and returns the new length of the array.
reverse()	It reverses the order of the elements of an array

Q17. What are the variable naming conventions in JavaScript?

The following rules are to be followed while naming variables in JavaScript:

1. You should not use any of the JavaScript reserved keyword as variable name. For example, break or boolean variable names are not valid.
2. JavaScript variable names should not start with a numeral (0-9). They must begin with a letter or the underscore character. For example, 123name is an invalid variable name but _123name or name123 is a valid one.
3. JavaScript variable names are case sensitive. For example, Test and test are two different variables.

Q18. How does TypeOf Operator work?

The typeof operator is used to get the data type of its operand. The operand can be either a literal or a data structure such as a variable, a function, or an object. It is a unary operator that is placed before its single operand, which can be of any type. Its value is a string indicating the data type of the operand.

Q19. How to create a cookie using JavaScript?

The simplest way to create a cookie is to assign a string value to the document.cookie object, which looks like this-Example

document.cookie = "key1 = value1; key2 = value2; expires = date";

Q20. How to read a cookie using JavaScript?

Reading a cookie is just as simple as writing one, because the value of the document.cookie object is the cookie. So you can use this string whenever you want to access the cookie.

• The document.cookie string will keep a list of name = value pairs separated by semicolons, where name is the name of a cookie and value is its string value.
• You can use strings’ split() function to break the string into key and values.

Q21. How to delete a cookie using JavaScript?

If you want to delete a cookie so that subsequent attempts to read the cookie in JavaScript return nothing, you just need to set the expiration date to a time in the past. You should define the cookie path to ensure that you delete the right cookie. Some browsers will not let you delete a cookie if you don’t specify the path.

Q22. What is the difference between Attributes and Property?

Attributes-  provide more details on an element like id, type, value etc.

Property-  is the value assigned to the property like type=”text”, value=’Name’ etc.

Q23. List out the different ways an HTML element can be accessed in a JavaScript code.

Here are the list of ways an HTML element can be accessed in a Javascript code:
(i) getElementById(‘idname’): Gets an element by its ID name
(ii) getElementsByClass(‘classname’): Gets all the elements that have the given classname.
(iii) getElementsByTagName(‘tagname’): Gets all the elements that have the given tag name.
(iv) querySelector(): This function takes css style selector and returns the first selected element.

Q24. In how many ways a JavaScript code can be involved in an HTML file?

There are 3 different ways in which a JavaScript code can be involved in an HTML file:

• Inline
• Internal
• External

An inline function is a JavaScript function, which is assigned to a variable created at runtime. You can differentiate between Inline Functions and Anonymous since an inline function is assigned to a variable and can be easily reused. When you need a JavaScript for a function, you can either have the script integrated in the page you are working on, or you can have it placed in a separate file that you call, when needed. This is the difference between an internal script and an external script.

Q25. What are the ways to define a variable in JavaScript?

The three possible ways of defining a variable in JavaScript are:

• Var – The JavaScript variables statement is used to declare a variable and, optionally, we can initialize the value of that variable. Example: var a =10; Variable declarations are processed before the execution of the code.
• Const – The idea of const functions is not allow them to modify the object on which they are called. When a function is declared as const, it can be called on any type of object.
• Let – It is a signal that the variable may be reassigned, such as a counter in a loop, or a value swap in an algorithm. It also signals that the variable will be used only in the block it’s defined in.

Q26. What is a Typed language?

Typed Language is in which the values are associated with values and not with variables. It is of two types:

• Dynamically: in this, the variable can hold multiple types; like in JS a variable can take number, chars.
• Statically: in this, the variable can hold only one type, like in Java a variable declared of string can take only set of characters and nothing else.

Q27. What is the difference between Local storage & Session storage?

Local Storage – The data is not sent back to the server for every HTTP request (HTML, images, JavaScript, CSS, etc) – reducing the amount of traffic between client and server. It will stay until it is manually cleared through settings or program.

Session Storage – It is similar to local storage; the only difference is while data stored in local storage has no expiration time, data stored in session storage gets cleared when the page session ends. Session Storage will leave when the browser is closed.

Q28. What is the difference between the operators ‘==‘ & ‘===‘?

The main difference between “==” and “===” operator is that formerly compares variable by making type correction e.g. if you compare a number with a string with numeric literal, == allows that, but === doesn’t allow that, because it not only checks the value but also type of two variable, if two variables are not of the same type “===” return false, while “==” return true.

Q29. What is the difference between null & undefined?

Undefined means a variable has been declared but has not yet been assigned a value. On the other hand, null is an assignment value. It can be assigned to a variable as a representation of no value. Also, undefined and null are two distinct types: undefined is a type itself (undefined) while null is an object.

Q30. What is the difference between undeclared & undefined?

Undeclared variables are those that do not exist in a program and are not declared. If the program tries to read the value of an undeclared variable, then a runtime error is encountered. Undefined variables are those that are declared in the program but have not been given any value. If the program tries to read the value of an undefined variable, an undefined value is returned.

Q31. Name some of the JavaScript Frameworks

A JavaScript framework is an application framework written in JavaScript. It differs from a JavaScript library in its control flow. There are many JavaScript Frameworks available but some of the most commonly used frameworks are:

• Angular
• React
• Vue JS

Q32. What is the difference between innerHTML & innerText?

innerHTML – It will process an HTML tag if found in a string

innerText – It will not process an HTML tag if found in a string

Q33. What is the difference between window & document in JavaScript?

Window	Document
JavaScript window is a global object which holds variables, functions, history, location.	The document also comes under the window and can be considered as the property of the window.

34. What is NaN in JavaScript?

NaN is a short form of Not a Number. Since NaN always compares unequal to any number, including NaN, it is usually used to indicate an error condition for a function that should return a valid number. When a string or something else is being converted into a number and that cannot be done, then we get to see NaN.

35. What is an event bubbling in JavaScript?

Event bubbling is a way of event propagation in the HTML DOM API, when an event occurs in an element inside another element, and both elements have registered a handle for that event. With bubbling, the event is first captured and handled by the innermost element and then propagated to outer elements. The execution starts from that event and goes to its parent element. Then the execution passes to its parent element and so on till the body element

36. How do JavaScript primitive/object types passed in functions?

One of the differences between the two is that Primitive Data Types are passed By Value and Objects are passed By Reference.

• By Value means creating a COPY of the original. Picture it like twins: they are born exactly the same, but the first twin doesn’t lose a leg when the second twin loses his in the war.
•  By Reference means creating an ALIAS to the original. When your Mom calls you “Pumpkin Pie” although your name is Margaret, this doesn’t suddenly give birth to a clone of yourself: you are still one, but you can be called by these two very different names.

Q37. What is the difference between an alert box and a confirmation box?

An alert box displays only one button which is the OK button. But a Confirmation box displays two buttons namely OK and cancel

Q38. How can you convert the string of any base to integer in JavaScript?

The parseInt() function is used to convert numbers between different bases. It takes the string to be converted as its first parameter, and the second parameter is the base of the given string.

Q39. What are Exports & Imports?

Imports and exports help us to write modular JavaScript code. Using Imports and exports we can split our code into multiple files.

import : It use to call a file into another file

export : it will enable to a file to be called by other js file

Q40. What is the ‘Strict’ mode in JavaScript and how can it be enabled?

Strict mode is a way to introduce better error-checking into your code.

• When you use strict mode, you cannot use implicitly declared variables, or assign a value to a read-only property, or add a property to an object that is not extensible.
• You can enable strict mode by adding “use strict” at the beginning of a file, a program, or a function.

Q43. What is the difference between Call & Apply?

The call() method calls a function with a given this value and arguments provided individually.

The apply() method calls a function with a given this value, and arguments provided as an array.

fun.call(thisArg[, arg1[, arg2[, ...]]])
fun.apply(thisArg, [argsArray])

Q44. How to empty an Array in JavaScript?

There are a number of methods you can use to empty an array:

arrayList = []

45. Explain what is pop()method in JavaScript?

The pop() method is similar as the shift() method but the difference is that the Shift method works at the start of the array. Also the pop() method take the last element off of the given array and returns it. The array on which is called is then altered.

Example:

var cloths = ["Shirt", "Pant", "TShirt"];

cloths.pop();

//Now cloth becomes Shirt,Pant

46. What is the use of Void(0)?

Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing and parameter “zero” is passed while calling. Void(0) is used to call another method without refreshing the page.

<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick="save()"> Click for Action </a>

47. Which company developed JavaScript?

Netscape is the software company who developed JavaScript

48. What is break and continue statements?

Break statement exits from the current loop.

Continue statement continues with next statement of the loop.

49. Which keyword is used to print the text in the screen?

document.write(“Welcome”) is used to print the text – Welcome in the screen.

50. What are the different types of errors in JavaScript?

There are three types of errors:

Load time errors: Errors which come up when loading a web page like improper syntax

errors are known as Load time errors and it generates the errors dynamically.

Run time errors: Errors that come due to misuse of the command inside the HTML

language.

Logical Errors: These are the errors that occur due to the bad logic performed on a

function which is having different operation.

51. What is unshift method in JavaScript?

Unshift method is like push method which works at the beginning of the array. This method is used to prepend one or more elements to the beginning of the array.